Science and Technology Current Affairs - Current Affairs 2025

The field of Science and Technology is constantly evolving, and it plays a major role in shaping modern society as well as in competitive exams like UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railways, Defence, and State PSCs. Questions related to Science and Technology Current Affairs 2025 cover a wide range of topics such as new inventions, space missions, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, ISRO and NASA updates, defence technology, and digital innovation. Staying updated with the latest scientific developments not only helps students perform better in the general awareness section but also enhances their understanding of technological progress happening around the world.

In this article, we have compiled the most important Science and Technology Current Affairs MCQs 2025 with Answers and Explanations to help aspirants prepare effectively for upcoming exams. Each question is carefully selected from recent national and international developments in research, innovation, and emerging technologies. These current affairs questions and answers on science and technology 2025 will help you strengthen your knowledge base, improve accuracy, and stay ahead in your competitive exam preparation.

Science and Technology Current Affairs - Current Affairs 2025

1. What is the primary significance of Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4)?

1. It is India’s first lunar mission.
2. It’s the first private astronaut mission to the ISS for India, Poland, and Hungary.
3. It marked the retirement of the ISS.
4. It launched the heaviest satellite to date.

Answer: B) It’s the first private astronaut mission to the ISS for India, Poland, and Hungary.

Explanation: Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is a commercially organised human spaceflight mission which, in June 2025, carried astronauts from India, Poland, and Hungary to the International Space Station (ISS). This mission marks the first time these three countries have sent astronauts to the ISS via a private mission.

2. Which government program funded the development of the smart cattle transport cage?

1. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
2. Science for Equity, Empowerment, and Development (SEED)
3. National Livestock Mission
4. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Answer: B) Science for Equity, Empowerment, and Development (SEED)

Explanation: The modular, flexible smart cattle transport cage was developed with funding under the SEED (Science for Equity, Empowerment, and Development) programme of the Department of Science & Technology. This innovation is intended to make the transport of cattle safer and more humane.

3. What are exosomes, as mentioned in the recent cancer research by INST, Mohali?

1. Large blood cells involved in oxygen transport
2. Nano-sized vesicles that carry tumor-derived metabolites
3. Enzymes that break down cancer cells
4. Hormones regulating cell growth

Answer: B) Nano-sized vesicles that carry tumor-derived metabolites

Explanation: In the recent research from INST, Mohali, exosomes are described as nano-sized extracellular vesicles which are released by tumor cells and carry metabolites, proteins, and signaling molecules. These exosomes play a role in tumor progression and metastasis by modifying the microenvironment and influencing distant tissues.

4. What is 'Bharat Gen' recently launched by the Government of India?

1. A new agricultural subsidy program
2. A nationwide health insurance scheme
3. A space exploration mission
4. An indigenously developed AI-based multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) for Indian languages

Answer: D) An indigenously developed AI-based multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) for Indian languages

Explanation: Bharat Gen is India’s own AI / Large Language Model (LLM), developed to support multimodal communications (text, speech, etc.) in Indian languages. It reflects the government’s push for indigenous AI capabilities suited to India’s linguistic diversity.

5. What is the significance of personalized gene-editing treatment?

1. It is the first time a vaccine was developed for a rare disease
2. It replaces the need for any medical intervention
3. It demonstrates the potential of personalized gene-editing therapies for treating rare genetic disorders
4. It is a new method for diagnosing common illnesses

Answer: C) It demonstrates the potential of personalized gene-editing therapies for treating rare genetic disorders

Explanation: Personalized gene-editing treatment represents a tailored approach to editing a patient’s genome to correct disease-causing mutations. It is especially promising for rare genetic disorders, since such treatments can be customized to a patient’s unique mutation landscape. This shows the growing clinical potential of technologies like CRISPR in precision medicine.

6. What is the Gaganyaan Mission?

1. India's first lunar mission
2. India's first interplanetary mission
3. India's first human spaceflight mission
4. India's Mars mission

Answer: C) India's first human spaceflight mission

Explanation: Gaganyaan is India’s national initiative to send human beings into space under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It aims to place Indian astronauts (called “Vyomanauts”) in a low-Earth orbit and return them safely to Earth.

7. What is the name of the female humanoid robot developed by ISRO for the Gaganyaan test missions?

1. Vyommitra
2. Chandrika
3. Gagandev
4. Akashini

Answer: A) Vyommitra

Explanation: Vyommitra is the female humanoid robot developed by ISRO to simulate human responses in space. It will be used in precursor test flights under Gaganyaan to collect data on life support systems, cabin environment, radiation levels, and physiological responses in microgravity.

8. What is the primary cause of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

1. Deficiency of iron in the blood
2. Mutation in the gene that codes for haemoglobin
3. Infection by a virus
4. Lack of white blood cells

Answer: B) Mutation in the gene that codes for haemoglobin

Explanation: Sickle Cell Anaemia is caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB gene) that leads to production of an abnormal form of hemoglobin (HbS). Under low oxygen conditions, RBCs distort into a “sickle” shape, leading to blockage of capillaries, hemolysis, and various complications.

9. Which chemical agent, commonly misused for artificial ripening of fruits, is mentioned by FSSAI for strict vigilance?

1. Ethylene
2. Potassium Nitrate
3. Calcium Carbide
4. Sulphur Dioxide

Answer: C) Calcium Carbide

Explanation: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has flagged calcium carbide as a hazardous agent often misused to artificially ripen fruits. Calcium carbide releases acetylene gas, which acts like ethylene and accelerates ripening, but it may produce harmful byproducts and pose health risks.

10. What is the name of the newly inaugurated astronomical observatory in Purulia, West Bengal?

1. Satyendra Nath Bose Astronomical Observatory
2. Aryabhatta Astronomical Observatory
3. Vikram Sarabhai Space Observatory
4. Jawaharlal Nehru Space Centre

Answer: A) Satyendra Nath Bose Astronomical Observatory

Explanation: The recently inaugurated observatory in Purulia, West Bengal is named the Satyendra Nath Bose Astronomical Observatory. It is intended to promote astronomical observations and research in eastern India.

11. Which Indian research institution has developed a super-fast charging sodium-ion battery that can charge up to 80% in six minutes and lasts over 3,000 charge cycles?

1. Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru
2. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay
3. Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru
4. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi

Answer: C) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru

Explanation: The JNCASR, Bengaluru has developed a sodium-ion battery that can reach 80% charge in about 6 minutes and sustain over 3,000 charge–discharge cycles. This is a major advance in battery technology, making sodium-ion alternatives more competitive for energy storage applications.

12. Siddha medicine is part of which ministry in India?

1. Ministry of Health
2. Ministry of AYUSH
3. Ministry of Science and Technology
4. Ministry of Culture

Answer: B) Ministry of AYUSH

Explanation: Siddha medicine is one of the traditional systems of medicine recognized by the Indian government under the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy).